Virgie Ammons Patents a Fireplace Damper Actuating Tool

Virgie Ammons was an inventor and woman of color who invented a device for dampening fireplaces. She received a patent for a fireplace damper actuating tool on September 30, 1975. Little is known about the life of Virgie Ammons. One source says she was born on Dec. 29, 1908 in Gaithersburg, Maryland and died on July 12, 2000. She lived in West Virginia for most of her life.  Ammons filed her patent on August 6, 1974, at which time she was living in Eglon, West Virginia. There is no information to be found about her education, training or profession. One unverified source says she was a self-employed caretaker and a practicing Muslim who attended services in Temple Hills. Fireplace Damper Actuating Tool - Patent US 3,908,633 A fireplace damper actuating tool is a tool that is used to open and close the damper on a fireplace. It keeps the damper from opening or fluttering in the wind.   If you have a fireplace or stove, you may be familiar with the sound of a fluttering damper. A damper is an adjustable plate that fits in the flue of a stove or the chimney of a fireplace. It helps control the draft into the stove or fireplace. Dampers could be a plate that slides across the air opening, or it could be fixed in place in the pipe or flue and turned so the angle allows more or less air flow. In the days when cooking was done on a stove that was powered by burning wood or coal, adjusting the flue was a way of controlling the temperature. Virgie Ammons may be have been familiar with these stoves, given her date of birth. She may also have lived in an area where electric or gas stoves were not common until later in her life. We have no details as to what her inspiration was for the fireplace damper actuating tool. With a fireplace, opening the damper allows more air to be drawn into the fireplace from the room and convey the heat up the chimney. More air flow can often result in more flames, but also in losing more heat rather than warming the room. Keeping the Damper Closed The patent abstract  says Ammons damper actuating tool addressed the problem of fireplace dampers that flutter and make noise when gusty winds affected the chimney Some dampers do not remain fully shut because they have to be light enough in weight so the operating lever can open them easily. This makes small differences in air pressure between the room and the upper chimney draw them open. She was concerned that even a slightly open damper could cause a significant loss of heat in winter, and could even result in loss of coolness in summer. Both would be a waste of energy. Her actuating tool allowed the damper to be closed and held closed. She noted that when not in use, the tool could be stored next to the fireplace. No information was found as to whether her tool was manufactured and marketed.

The Cold War During World War II - 854 Words

The Cold War was a major event in the U.S. and Soviet Union’s history. The main reason that these two countries entered into the Cold War after World War II was power. The USSR and United States had two very different perspectives on power coming out of World War II. This disagreement ultimately caused the Cold War. Russia’s perspective after World War II was influenced by Joseph Stalin. Stalin, the leader of the USSR at the time, was a merciless dictator. His main concern was maintaining power and assuring the Soviet Union’s influence worldwide. During WWII, the Soviet Union lost more than just lives. In addition to the deaths of 20 million citizens, they lost a large amount of their agricultural and industrial resources. Stalin wanted those who were responsible for this mass destruction to pay and rebuild the Soviet economy. The United States had a very different perspective than the Soviet Union. During WWII, the U.S. experienced far less casualties than the USSR at only 400,000 deaths. It also managed to avoid gunfire on the U.S. mainland. These factors influenced the U.S. perspective after the war. Harry S. Truman was a major influence on the U.S. perspective after World War II as well. He came into the office with very little experience internationally and believed that the U.S. needed to have overseas opportunities in order to have a flourishing economy. To ensure this economic prosperity, the United States had to work well with countries that had few tradingShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War During World War II930 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was political hostility between the United States of America and the Soviet Union through threats, propaganda and series of warfare incidents that made these superpowers of the time suspicious of one another. With the sources of the reader I will explain whoâ €™s to be at fault for the Cold war, the United States or the Soviet Union. The term â€Å"Cold War† according to Heonik Kwon in his document origins of the Cold War â€Å"†¦ refers to the prevailing condition of the world in the second halfRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II Essay1185 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War was not a military conflict, but was an ongoing political conflict involving both military and economic competition between two superpowers advancing rapidly wanting to be number one. The evolvement of the Cold War began during and after World War I, although the official beginning of the Cold War was in 1945, at the Yalta Conference after World War II. There were many causes of the Cold War, but can be summed up as a battle between capitalism and communism. Also, along with PresidentRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cold War was the name given to the non-aggressive conflict between The United States and Russia that began after World War II. However, there is disagreement over the exact dates of the Cold War. Nevertheless, it took place somewhere between the end of World War II and the early 1989 (Wendt n.d). The Cold War brought about a number of crises in the decades that it lasted. These crises include: Vietnam, the Berlin Wall, and the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Cold War itself was the result of the UnitedRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II1397 Words   |  6 PagesWar is the result of hate and brutality that can affect people in a negative way. The Cold War relates to the war in the Butter Battle book as it demonstrates hate, which should not be taught to kids in children s books. Conflict and competition can lead to war. The Cold War was a 45 year long rivalry between the Western powers, led by the United States and the Soviet Union. The United States formed a military base to protect them from other threats such as the Soviets. The expansion of the SovietRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II1324 Words   |  6 PagesWhen World War II ended, the last thing the countries imagined was another worldwide conflict. But that’s exactly was soon ensued when the Cold War erupted between the Eastern powers and the Western powers. The Eastern powers consisted of the Soviet Union and the Western powers consisted of America, Britain and France. During World War II, these allies had a common ground to work together in effort to fight against Hitler and the Nazi Party. The Cold War wasn’t an actual war where battles were fought;Read MoreThe Cold War During World War II Essay1632 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War was a clash of culture, ideologies, and a standoff between the world s two greatest nuclear powers. The argument of the American side was based around Capitalism and a hunger for ever growing business while the Soviet Union’s was structured around Communism and it’s powerful theocracy that stated it must be spread to every country on the planet. As a result, there has been much debate about whether the U.S. initiated the Cold War through their usage of the atomic bomb in World War IIRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II1760 Words   |  8 PagesEssay One During World War II the United States and the Soviet Union were allies, but by 1950, their relationship had disintegrated and the two nations were engaged in a â€Å"Cold War.† The â€Å"Cold War† occurred due to efforts by both nations after the war to maintain influence in regions like Eastern Europe for the Soviets and Turkey and Greece for the United States, but the â€Å"Cold War† wasn’t limited to these disputes. The â€Å"Cold War† was influenced by many factors on the United States side including theRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II970 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was a period of 44 years of both military and political tension after World War II. There were many ideals and events that lead to the Cold War. Nationalism, poor economic conditions, and a strong desire for democracy and human rights are the primary reasons that many believe the Cold War started. However, these are just a few of the reasons for the Cold War. Events s uch as the Yalta Conference, Truman Doctrine, Potsdam Conference, and the Marshall Plan also greatly influenced the startRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II2261 Words   |  10 PagesThe Cold War was a period of rivalry short of armed confrontation. Tensions oscillated between former allies of the World War II, Russia and America, leading to the infamous cold war. It is rather difficult to determine the starting point of the Cold War because the East-West relationship had been deteriorating since a long time due to their conflicting ideologies and aspirations. However, the circumstances required for them to form an alliance in World War II, but this friendship was short livedRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II Essay2497 Words   |  10 PagesThe Cold War was one of the most fear-inducing situations in American history. Post World War II, the superpowers of the world, namely the United States and the U.S.S.R, struggled to settle issues that arose from initiatives and re sponses after the war. These created the climate of tension and distrust between the two nations (Sibley 1). The United States held tightly to its liberal-capitalist beliefs while the Soviets â€Å"†¦professed fervent belief,† in their Marxist-Leninist ideology (Sibley 1). Many

Applied Business Research for Arthur Barnett Ltd - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theApplied Business Research for Arthur Barnett Ltd. Answer: Introduction The research problem emerges because there are certain issues faced by employees in Arthur Barnett Ltd which is located in Melbourne branch, Australia. Arthur Barnett Ltd is one of leading Retail Company that delivers the superior products to their consumers from a very long time. There are a large number of employees who engaged in the branch of Arthur Barnett Ltd from last five months[1]. But, from last 2-3 month, they have been suffering from certain issues within an organization. It can be evaluated that whole productivity of company is worsening day by day. Another issue that is faced by employees is managers pushed them to work more. The company has placed fewer employees for a particular job which creates conflicts and complexities for performing the task in an appropriate manner[2]. Along with this, it is considered that people get less compensation for overtime work and also getting fewer amounts in return for doing the work in the store. This research will help the organization to understand that productivity is declining due to stress at the workplace. It will also develop understanding regarding depth analysis of stress at the workplace and how its impact can be overcome[3]. Therefore, this research will use literature review to create effective knowledge about the concept of stress and helps the readers to eliminate this concern. For conducting the literature review, different peer-reviewed journal article will be used by a researcher. Literature Review Human resource is a significant element at the workplace as it may directly affect the productivity of that particular company. In the current business scenario, dynamic changes take place within an organization which can influence to get competitive and sustainable advantages. But, in the fast-paced world, these changes create different issues for employees in the particular workplace[4]. The concern which is faced by an organization may have a serious impact on the performance of employees. Moreover, if a workforce is stressful and dissatisfied then they cannot provide the good quality performance and work. For instance, those workforces who have fewer stress levels may get higher job satisfaction at the workplace[5]. Significance of Stress at the workplace There are several types of research which have emphasized on the behavior of a company such as job stress and its impact on the performance of employees. Both these factors play a vital role to assess and evaluate the result and productivity of a corporation. Job stress is defined as detrimental physical and emotional responses which can arise due to mismatch of the resources, capability, and needs of the employees with the job requirement. This type of stress is developed when a specific person become aware of the personal dysfunction[6]. It could be the result of certain circumstances that are ubiquitous in the workplace and are conveyed with psychological with physiological acts. This can create threats to employees at the workplace. In certain situation, it is analyzed that people who are engaging at the workplace may react with the non-productive physical. Employees can also demonstrate their emotional responses in case the characteristics of the task do not match with their cap abilities, skills, resources, and expectation[7]. It can be evaluated that the term employee performance indicates that a specific person can complete those projects which are predetermined by a corporation. As well as, this specific project is completed as per the standard of management. Along with this, optimum utilization of resources relies on the specific task of the company. It also stated that how employees stress has an impact on the optimum utilization of resources in the specific job scenario[8]. But, at the same time, formal service cannot be ignored in a company while performing entire activities. In this way, it can be stated that employees who performed formal activities may gain time to time experience regarding psychological and physical environment together with social factors which can demonstrate them to become extremely stressful[9]. Stress can be two types which are favorable and negative stress. In this way, favorable stress is also called eustress and negative stress is also called distress. It is analyzed that when eustress exists at the workplace then it performs as a stimulator and improves the performance of the company. It also leads the workforces in a favorable way hence they can make required efforts which as essential for business growth and development[10]. It can be stated that while distress exists at the workplace then it may create several negative impacts on health along with the performance of workforces and other staff who are engaged in the particular branch of the corporation. From this, negative outcome will be obtained due to declining effectiveness of workforces and organization. In this way, it can be stated that workplace stress can raise the number of accidents for employees[11]. There is a number of studies which define the concept regarding workplace stress and its impact on the employees performance. All these research demonstrated a single concept that performance can be improved via offering better job circumstances and avoiding the stress. Further, it has become an essential part of the recent business phenomenon. To understand the impact of job stress on the job performance, it is required to understand the different type of stress[12]. There are different studies which indicate that whether or not job stress could be avoided and what can be the impact of this on organization performance. Job stress has become one of the major topics which are widely happened in all organization as it has a direct and huge impact on the mental competencies of workforces. The job stress can obstruct the organizations performance and can also impact on the effectiveness of the particular branch[13]. It is evidence that job stress within a company may directly associate with the work performance of the different person who engaged in an organization. In this way, job stress could be incorporated as independent variable and employees performance could be considered as a dependent variable. But, there are several factors which are affected by work stress as compared to employees performance which creates less encouragement amid workforces with respect to task, and also reduces the employees turnover[14]. Impacts of workplace stress on employee performance It can be evaluated that when an individual goes through stress at the workplace and job environment then it declines the competencies of making a judgment. Because, in this case, employees do not create self- motivation and encouragement for making judgment hence they do not make new and innovative ideas regarding issues. In most of the circumstances, it is observed that stress does not associate with mental competencies and the internal state of mind however it has an impact on the activities of distinct people who deal at the workplace. Since, when a person suffering from stress then there are several thoughts come to the mind of a person[15]. These beliefs can depend on different circumstances and the environment by which person deals. Moreover, all these beliefs and perceptions that come to the peoples mind can be either bad or good and can either build or destroy the behavior and attitudes of that person. This is the big reason that why a lot of people emphasized on the behavio r[16]. In this way, it can be stated that good or bad behavior can lead to making the change into practices which could be demonstrated by other people and these people can be engaged outside and inside the organization. This is the main cause of using different motivational theories at the workplace because it can aid to overcome the stress issues and also support to enhance the attitude with respect to innovative ideas and initiatives within an organization[17]. There are a large number of companies which decided to implement the reward strategies for their employees which they have been expecting from them. But, at the same time, there are still certain corporations which do not want to implement this strategy. Therefore, employees makes negative image regarding the companys policy. At the same time, it creates job stress among employees and also ultimately impact on their performance. In certain condition, it is analyzed that job stress can improve the performance of employees and also improves the competencies of the employees[18]. This situation rises while manager declines a given deadline and increase the degree of stress among employees for working harder and attain the goals efficiently in a specified duration. In this circumstance, they become extremely encouraged and inspired towards work even make harder practices next time hence they can accomplish the goals in an effective way. Therefore, it can be stated that there is a large n umber of companies who observes that by putting the reasonable stress amount in peoples mind, they can enhance their performance and overall productivity in an efficient and effective way[19]. But, the organization should understand from this circumstance that all workforces are not alike in the workplace and hence they cannot take stress in a similar manner. Thus, it can be stated that this situation can discourage the certain employees and adverse impact on the health of people. As a result, they might not be competent to meet their accountabilities in an appropriate way[20]. On the other hand, the main cause of job stress at the workplace is that there are several interactions have done in specific branch and the interaction incorporates both people and environment in which these people are performing. In this way, it is analyzed that while job stress is raised due to ineffective interaction then it can generate adverse perspectives in peoples mind. In this way, it can be stated that when an individual has built an adverse perception in the mind then physical condition of people will also go through alteration and will persuade then in several manners by both psychologically and physiologically[21]. When workforces have bad mental and physical condition then it ensures that they will not be competent to give their best towards job task and it will ultimately impact on the performance of people. Along with this, people should feel protected as well as safe regarding their task to do well but if an individual is suffering from job stress then they cannot f eel safe and secure in their projects. Hence, it could be recommended that all companies should assess the degree of stress among their workforces as their performance is lucrative for a corporation. Workplace stress can be originated from different factors. This can be annoying co-workers, angry customers, long commutes, demanding boss, hazardous situation, never-ending workload, and rebellious students. Furthermore, employees performance is also influenced by characteristics of stressors like finances, family relationships, and a shortage of sleep created due to fears and anxieties regarding future. In addition, how a company can handle the impact of stress is relying on whether it is easier to alter the circumstance and change the attitude towards job stress[22]. It can be evaluated that favorable side of stress can lead and encourage the employee to perform their task more rapidly with respect to awaiting deadlines. In addition to this, it can be evaluated that inadequate peer support, overwhelming workload, and too many demands can create job stress among employees[23]. But, it is analyzed that contribution of sense of annoyance and panic can create complexities to do the task of employees in sufficient time. Job stress can create a condition of overtime, having to take home based work. As well as, stress can unable employees for time management and can also decline their efficiency towards the work. Together with, job stress may adversely affect the commitment and loyalty of employees at the workplace[24]. Research Questions Followings are research question which would be addressed through this research: What are the causes of job stress at the workplace? What is the impact of job stress on the employees? Conclusion From the above interpretation, it can be concluded that job stress can be incorporated as an essential element with respect to employees performance. It can be evaluated that when an employee is not acting effectively then it can impact on the overall companys performance and organization will not be competent to accomplish its targeted objectives. From the literature review, it can be summarized that the employees performance in Arthur Barnett Ltd, Melbourne is declined because the company had been putting the high extent of stress among employees with respect to revenues, turnover, and marketing. Besides this, it can be illustrated that company does not try to overcome the stress as it led to an impact on the psychological and physiological health. Consequently, it declines the job performance of employees at the workplace. Bibliography Abbas, M., Raja, U., Darr, W., Bouckenooghe, D. (2014). Combined effects of perceived political and psychological capital on job satisfaction, turnover intentions, and performance.Journal of Management,40(7), 1813-1830. Aikens, K. A., Astin, J., Pelletier, K. R., Levanovich, K., Baase, C. M., Park, Y. Y., Bodnar, C. M. (2014). Mindfulness goes to work: Impact of an online workplace intervention.Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine,56(7), 721-731. Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., Sanz-Vergel, A. I. (2014). Burnout and work engagement: The JDR approach.Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav.,1(1), 389-411. Baron, R. A., Franklin, R. J., Hmieleski, K. M. (2016). Why entrepreneurs often experience low, not high, levels of stress: The joint effects of selection and psychological capital.Journal of management,42(3), 742-768. Beehr, T. A. (2014).Psychological stress in the workplace (psychology revivals). UK: Routledge. Bono, J. E., Glomb, T. M., Shen, W., Kim, E., Koch, A. J. (2013). Building positive resources: Effects of positive events and a positive reflection on work stress and health.Academy of Management Journal,56(6), 1601-1627. Cooper, C. L., Marshall, J. (2013). Occupational sources of stress: A review of the literature relating to coronary heart disease and mental ill health. InFrom Stress to Wellbeing Volume 1(pp. 3-23). UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Dane, E., Brummel, B. J. (2014). Examining workplace mindfulness and its relations to job performance and turnover intention.Human Relations,67(1), 105-128. Driskell, J. E., Salas, E. (Eds.). (2013).Stress and human performance. USA: Psychology Press. Dutton, J. E., Ragins, B. R. (Eds.). (2017).Exploring positive relationships at work: Building a theoretical and research foundation. UK: Psychology Press. Epstein, M. J., Buhovac, A. R. (2014).Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. UK: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Fu, W., Deshpande, S. P. (2014). The impact of caring climate, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment on the job performance of employees in a Chinas insurance company.Journal of Business Ethics,124(2), 339-349. Goetzel, R. Z., Henke, R. M., Tabrizi, M., Pelletier, K. R., Loeppke, R., Ballard, D. W., Serxner, S. (2014). Do workplace health promotion (wellness) programs work?.Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine,56(9), 927-934. Jensen, J. M., Patel, P. C., Messersmith, J. G. (2013). High-performance work systems and job control: Consequences for anxiety, role overload, and turnover intentions.Journal of Management,39(6), 1699-1724. Kadushin, A., Harkness, D. (2014).Supervision in social work. UK: Columbia University Press. Landy, F. J., Conte, J. M. (2016).Work in the 21st Century, Binder Ready Version: An Introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology. USA: John Wiley Sons. Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W. (2014). A critical review of the Job Demands-Resources Model: Implications for improving work and health. InBridging occupational, organizational and public health(pp. 43-68). Netherlands: Springer. Schultz, D., Schultz, S. E. (2015).Psychology and work today 10E. UK: Routledge. Theeboom, T., Beersma, B., van Vianen, A. E. (2014). Does coaching work? A meta-analysis on the effects of coaching on individual level outcomes in an organizational context.The Journal of Positive Psychology,9(1), 1-18.

Information Technology and Logistics Management

Abstract Information technology is a factor that no firm can afford to ignore given the wake of globalization. Each firm is going global and management of every sector is not as simple as it used to be in the past.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Information Technology and Logistics Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, efficiency and effectiveness as regards delivery of services are given much weight than they were given in the past. As far as logistics management is concerned, there has been renewed urge for exceptional performance. The paper looks at the concept of information technology. It begins by defining what information technology is and goes on to enumerate the components of information technology. Thereafter, it gives the advantages of information technology in logistics management. Introduction There is virtually no organization that can operate without information systems in the curr ent economic environment, where keeping up with the level of changing technology is a necessity. A firm can operate efficiently hence reducing costs if a state-of-the-art information system is put in place. Though information needs are different in various organizations, it is a general agreement that all these firms depend on the information system just as a car depends on the engine. Different sections of an organization have different roles; hence, they require different types of information systems. Logistics management has proofed to play a key role in cost reduction as well as improving relationships between a firm and its partners in the market, consequently boosting a firm’s competitive advantage.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this regard, information technology has been found to have immense benefits on logistics management. Information Technology The wa y businesses operate has highly changed and the necessity of information for the survival of organizations has increased. Due to advancement in technology, employees of all levels in any organization require smooth flow of information in order to make informed decisions besides measuring their performance. For this reason, organizations have found it paramount to put in place information systems to monitor the flow of information (Joia, 2003). An information system not only integrates business processes and computes knowledge for processing and storing, but also facilitates transmission of important information for the decision-making process in the organization. On the same note, an information system assists in coordination, visualization, control and analysis in an organization. For an organization to keep up with the changes in the business environment, it must have in place an effective information system function which should be able to come up with new software that matches w ith the level of technological advancements (Rushton, Oxley Croucher, 2000).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Information Technology and Logistics Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This role is performed by programmers who are specialists in software engineering. In addition, the raw data that is received by the information systems is processed into useful and easily understood data by the system analysts. Moreover, there is need to have a continuous evaluation of the current programs and either advance their use or come up with new ones in order to ensure organizational progress. To meet this need the information systems unit through the knowledge officers seeks for new sources of information, or ways through which the current information can be made more useful for the benefit of the organization. It is important for any organization to try as much as possible and prevent leakage of its important and confidential information because this could be misused by its competitors or even enemies (Sudalaimuthu Raj, 2009). As a result, the role of information system function includes ensuring security of the information systems as well as making the management aware of the existing security threats. Components of Information Technology Infrastructure Components of information technology infrastructure can be divided into five broad groups which include computer hardware, computer software, data management technology, telecommunications technology and networking. To ensure efficiency and effectiveness of the information systems, all these components of the information technology infrastructure must work in synchronization with each other (Sheffi, 2012). Computer hardware is composed of the technology that inputs, processes, stores and outputs data.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It also includes the equipments that are used in the process of data collection as well as those used in delivering the processed information to desired destinations. In addition, information technology infrastructure consists of the programs which instruct the computers on the type of functions to perform at any given point in time. These programs, which are known as computer software, can be divided into system software and applications software (Wang, 2012). While some firms may choose to have their software custom programmed, others choose to purchase them from outside. A firm’s data needs to be organized and be made available to users in a form that the users can easily interpret so that they can be able to take necessary actions. This function is achieved through the help of data management technology, which not only processes but also manages and organizes business data. On the same note, an information technology infrastructure is also composed of telecommunications t echnology and networking (Horch, 2009). Besides providing data, these components also provide voice and video connectivity not only to employees but also to suppliers and customers of the firm. In addition, these components provide the technology of maintaining web sites and internal networks as well as enabling connection to other computer systems. Advantages of Proper Logistics Management Logistics management is the process interconnection among organizations, which involves the flow of resources of production, information, finances and finished products that helps in facilitating production, marketing, and selling of goods and services. It is a two way process and can either be downstream where it begins from the supplier of raw materials and flows through the manufacturer to the wholesaler the retailer and lastly to the consumer, or upstream in which case the chain starts from the consumer passing through the retailer, the wholesaler, the manufacturer and ends at the supplier. L ogistics management is for that reason, the management of the supply chain system to ensure efficient, smooth running and well coordination of the chain of supply in order to take advantage of it (Sinha 2009). Furthermore, Logistics management involves the incorporation of important aspects that add value to the consumer over and above that of the partners in the supply chain. Producers expect to receive inputs of production at the right time, to ensure that production process is carried on without interruption because interruption interferes with the entire supply chain since the commodity will not be available for delivery to buyers. In addition to that, higher inventory kept by producers, higher storage costs and consequently lowered the profit margin. Therefore, producers desire to maintain at its minimum possible quantity in order to reduce storage costs. At the same time, suppliers expect to receive payment in time to cater for their expenses and therefore enable them to cont inue supplying. On top of that, wholesalers, chain stores and other retailers expect a Continuous supply of commodities to ensure that they do not run short of any commodity, while they want the level of inventories to be at minimum since huge inventory increases storage cost but bring no income (Bolstorff Rosenbaum 2012). On top of that, it is to the advantage of the producers, wholesalers and retailers if consumers find the commodity they are looking for on the shelves of their local retail shops always because this will help in boosting consumers’ confidence. On top of that, availability of commodities near to consumers’ locality all times is very important not only in maintaining current consumers, but also in attracting new ones. These expectations can only be realized if proper and efficient management of the supply chain is put in place thus making certain that the flow either downstream or upstream is continuous, well-timed and cost-effective (Sinha 2009). Inf ormation Technology in Logistics Management For an organization to succeed in the highly competitive business environment, it should be prepared to react to the changes that take place efficiently. It is the applications of an organization that controls the execution of functions within the organization and also directs the operations in various departments. Information technology ensures that all applications of an organization are working properly. Furthermore, the flow of information to and from various units of the organization as well as from the external business environment is highly influenced by the organizational applications (Cao Zhang, 2012). Generally, the enterprise applications allow for consolidation of organizational operations across different units or departments for easy management. Examples of enterprise applications include the logistics information system which combines the important business processes into a single central data handling unit. This eliminates data fragmentation that complicates data management, thus enhancing information sharing among various business units. On the same note, logistics application makes management of suppliers easier by ensuring that information about all aspects related to the relationship between the organization and the suppliers is easily accessible when needed (Radhakrishnan, 2001). On the other hand, intranet increases consolidation of information besides speeding up the flow of information between different business units. The integration between one department and the others is very essential for timely decisions and making of follow-ups whenever necessary (Wang, 2012). In this regard, intranet comes in handy as it enables internal connection among various departments of the organization thus allowing smooth communication besides securely storing the organization’s policies and programs. Present also is the position control system, which is used to identify various job positions present i n the logistics department, current employee serving the position and the job title within the position. This helps the manager in knowing which positions are supposed to be filled. Information technology is also crucial in screening of job applicants, evaluation and selection in order to fill open positions. It is important to note that, performance information system is present and contains data related to appraisal, and productivity information of each employee (Sheffi, 2012). To cope with the dynamic job environment, the organization deemed it essential to continuously train their staff as well as encourage skill development through employee training and development system. The system enables the manager to ensure that the training offered matched the specific requirements within the organization, and that it was directed to those who were bound to benefit from it according to the skills inventory system. The level of integration in the supply chain system highly depends on the number of components that are involved as well as the complexity of each component. It should be noted that every aspect of the supply chain should be taken care of properly for the benefits of the firm (Cao Zhang, 2012). Information needs to be incorporated in the system as it helps in collection of feedback from the customers so that effective action can be taken in time to avoid any losses that might be imminent. Products must reach the consumer who is the final person in the chain and therefore anybody or firm that can help in delivering the product to the final consumer efficiently should be integrated in the system (Sinha, 2009). Information technology helps in ensuring information to all stakeholders and feedback is efficient. Ability of the firm to secure competitive advantage over its competitors enables the firm to emerge the winner during competition, and this can be achieved through proper management of the supply chain of the firm. Supply chain management requires that a firm carries out its competencies but outsource what requires specialization (Bolstorff Rosenbaum 2012). Additionally, information technology hastens turnover expansion through value addition by involving manufacturers in assisting retailers to reduce their costs of operation especially by delivering commodities just when they are needed thus reducing the retailers’ cost of holding inventory. When a partner organization in the supply chain recognizes that there is a possibility of reducing operation costs by being in the system, it becomes more willing to be part of the system hence increasing competitive advantage (Bolstorff Rosenbaum 2012). Additionally, through proper supply chain management, a company is capable of realizing areas of weakness of the partners. The firm can, therefore, rectify the same by helping in these areas and in turn the partner will be forced to stick with the firm; hence, gaining competitive advantage over the competitors. On the same note, sup ply chain management helps in the reduction of operational expenses especially costs of maintaining high inventories of either raw materials or finished products or the transportation costs which mostly increases because of sending low quantities of a commodity each time (Cao Zhang, 2012). By efficiently managing supply, transportation is well-coordinated and as a result goods are sent only when they are required, and this is always harmonized in a way that retailers in the same area can be supplied at the same time thus, eliminating chances of vehicles wasting space on their supply trips. It should be noted that efficiency and effectiveness are key when it comes to logistics management. A problem in one department can make the whole business to come to a halt. Consequently, speed detection of any factor that may seem to hinder execution of duties is crucial. Information technology is very vital because it helps in speeding up the process of problem detection as well as problem-sol ving. Moreover, information technology hastens the process of decision making thus reducing time wasted and enhancing productivity (Sudalaimuthu Raj, 2009). Similarly, there is need of speed in the current business world given the high level of competition. Additionally, firms have gone global and there is increased need to link services between one branch and the other. Information technology offers a platform through which all these questions can be answered. Cycle time is arguably one of the most sensitive factors to consider when it comes to logistics management. This directly affects inventory levels and consequently storage costs. However, by improving distribution channels, information technology is able to reduce cycle times, thus reducing the levels of inventories held at a particular moment (Wang, 2012). This tremendously reduces the costs of all stakeholders. On the same note, information technology makes it easier for the stocks held by stores in a particular region to be known. As a result, transportation to these areas can be merged thus reducing not only the number of vehicles on the road but also transportation costs and other risks involved (Rushton, Oxley Croucher, 2000). On the same note, implementation of change is a very crucial process and must be handled carefully. If change is wrongly administered, the probability of the whole process failing is very high. Many organizations, therefore, struggle to know the best method of implementing any change. Nevertheless, information technology helps logistics managers to know which section is not performing well and what is required to increase output (Sheffi, 2012). Knowing the exact change that is required is also made easy. Moreover, information technology streamlines the whole process of change implementation. Notably, with many firms now opting for electronic business, no sector should lag behind. E-commerce has gained popularity among many people. It reduces the distance that one has to wa lk to shop for goods and services (Horch, 2009). Moreover, it reduces paperwork and increases market share of a firm. In this regard, information technology is inevitable given that all business partners will want to go online. Consequently, information technology has to form part of logistics management (Sinha, 2009). Factors Affecting Information Technology Capacity planning and scalability form the main issues in management of hardware and software technology. Capacity planning is concerned with ensuring that the firm is able to meet its current and future computing needs. Scalability, on the other hand, means taking into consideration the possibility of increase in the firm’s scale of operations in the future (Joia, 2003). Therefore, the infrastructure installed should have the ability to expand and accommodate increased number of users without breaking down. On the same note, the issue of costing is paramount in management of infrastructure. It is important to ensure tha t the cost of installation, maintenance costs, technical support costs and all other costs related to the housing of the technology are included in the total cost of ownership. Therefore, when valuing the software and hardware all costs, including direct, indirect and hidden costs should be taken into consideration. On the other hand, any firm needs to consider the benefits that it can get if it outsources some services and the cost implications of the same. If it is feasible to outsource, then it is advisable to do so for this helps in elimination of other costs that could have been incurred (Radhakrishnan, 2001). On the same note, a firm can also consider the possibility of maintaining optimum capacity and hire the extra services during peak times. Similarly, the firm can also choose to rent software functions or buy them depending on their needs and the cost implication. Emerging Issues in Supply Chain Management Globalization has brought about new challenges into the process of supply chain management hence, forcing the organizations involved in the supply chain system to come up with new ways of tackling supply chain issues. To begin with, globalization has brought about internationalization, where companies have ventured into international markets where tax structures are different from those in their home countries. This has necessitated supply chain management to take into consideration the tax structures of various countries where the partners of the chain system will be operating, because it has been depicted that tax structures highly influences the profit margins (Bolstorff Rosenbaum 2012). As a result, a new strategy of supply chain management, known as tax efficient supply chain management, which ensures that global firms take advantage of the difference in tax structures to increase their profits has been developed. The need to go beyond delivery of the commodity to the consumer and look at how waste materials are disposed as well as environmen tal sustainability also poses a new challenge. This has led to the emergence of the concept of reverse logistics, which also should be taken into consideration. On top of that, traditionally linear supply chain management was very effective because substitutes were minimal and competition was not stiff. On the contrary, globalization has increased competition as well as substitutes and linear supply chain management system availability is no longer feasible which has compelled firms to look for a new mode of management (Sinha 2009). Conclusion Information system is inevitable in any organization, and therefore efforts must be made towards customization of the systems to fit the requirements of the organization. Supply chain management plays a key role in increasing competitive advantage of any company, therefore, increasing its profit margin; consequently, it is very important today’s management. Unfortunately, expansion of international trade has made the business environmen t to change continuously thus compelling firms to work day and night and come up with advanced ways of managing the supply chain in order to remain competitive. Employees may lack the knowledge needed to run the information systems, hence a specialized department of information technology should be incorporated in the organization, to ensure that everything involving the information system is given proper concern. References Bolstorff, P. Rosenbaum, G. R. (2012). Supply Chain Excellence, New York: AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Cao, M. Zhang, Q. (2012). Supply Chain Collaboration: Roles of Interorganizational Systems, Trust, and Collaborative Culture. New York: Springer. Horch, N. (2009). Management Control of Global Supply Chains. Norderstedt: BoD-Books on Demand. Joia, L. A. (2003). IT-based Management: Challenges and Solutions. Hilliard: Ideal Group Inc. Radhakrishnan, P. (2001). Logistics and Supply Chain Management. Mumbai: Allied Publishers. Rushton, A., Oxley, J. Croucher , P. (2000). The Handbook of Logistics and Distribution Management. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Sheffi, Y. (2012). Logistics Clusters: Delivering Value and Driving Growth. Cambridge: MIT Press. Sinha, A 2009, Supply Chain Management: Collaboration, Planning, Execution and Co-ordination, Mumbai: Global India Publishers. Sudalaimuthu, S. Raj, S. A. (2009). Logistics management for International Business: Text and Cases. New Delhi: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Wang, J. (2012). Information Technologies, Methods, and Techniques of Supply Chain Management. Hershey: IGI Global Snippet. 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